New class of materials: hybrid aerogels with biopolymers
Hybrid aerogels as superinsulators
There are about 1.5 million buildings in Switzerland which are in need of renovation. Because of inadequate thermal insulation, these buildings waste so much energy that experts calculate that there is the potential to save some 70% of their current heating energy consumption. Improved insulation would reduce the environmental footprint of the property owners, and from the economic point of view heating costs would sink by several billion Swiss Francs. However, particularly in the case of historically important buildings or those listed under preservation orders, renovation work is only allowed within limited legal constraints.
Aerogels: outstanding, inconspicuous but brittle insulating materials
Some three years ago, Empa researchers working in collaboration with staff from the Swiss company Fixit AG developed a thermally insulating wall-plaster using silicate-based aerogel granules whose thermal conductivity was just 28 mWm-1K-1 (in units of milliwatts per meter Kelvin). This is an outstandingly low value and only about double that of silicate aerogel alone – between 12 to 15 mWm-1K-1. The unbeatable insulating properties of aerogels are due to the structure of the material, as they consist of more that 95% air-filled pores, the remaining 5% or so being a network of nanoparticles. Since the air in the pores is trapped and cannot move freely, thermal losses due to heat transport by the gas molecules is reduced to the minimum. An additional advantage is that aerogels are visually more or less transparent, and so can be used to insulate old buildings without infringing preservation order constraints or altering the external appearance of historically significant structures. And yet the widespread usage of silicate-based aerogels has stagnated – building professionals complain that the materials are too expensive, too fragile and have a tendency to generate dust when used.
Apple pectin improves the mechanical characteristics
It is true that the structural elements linking the silicate nanoparticles are exceptionally fine and delicate, as electron microscope imaging shows. For this reason, Empa scientist Matthias Koebel, together with colleagues from the MINES ParisTech university, took on the challenge of bettering the mechanical characteristics of aerogels, following a path which has seldom before been trodden. The researchers created a novel class of materials by combining a silicate based aerogel with the biopolymer pectin (which occurs in apples, for example). The newly developed product demonstrated markedly improved mechanical properties – the hybrid aerogel can be compressed to 80% of its original volume without breaking, an ability which the developers ascribe to the morphology of the pectin-silicate network. In the hybrid structure the nanoparticles are linked by more robust cross-elements than those in classical aerogels. In addition, as a result of this gain in mechanical resistance the tendency to create dust is minimized.